TITLE : LITTLE, BROWN GUIDE TO WRITING RESEARCH PAPERS, THE. 3RD ED.

Contents
Preface xvii
 
1. THE RESEARCH PAPER ASSIGNMENT 1
   The Purpose  1
   The Process 2
   The Value 3
 
2. SHAPING THE TOPIC 6
   Preliminary Considerations 6
   Length of the Paper 6
   Types of Research Assignments 7
   Unrestricted Topics 7
   Course-Related Topics 8
   Assigned Topics 9
   Summary and Thesis Papers 10
   From Subject to Thesis 11
   Exploratory Reading 11
   Focusing the Topic 12
   Unmanageable Topics 13
   Broad Topics 14
   Narrow Topics/Limited Sources 14
   Technical Topics 14
   Single Source Topics 15
   Subjective Topics 15
   Controversial Topics 15
   Cliched Topics 16
   Developing a Thesis 16
 
3. RESEARCHING THE TOPIC 19
   Finding Your Way in a College Library 19
   Circulation Desk 19
   Reference Area 19
   Card Catalog 20
   Computer Catalog 20
   Stacks 20
   Reserve Room 21
   Current Periodicals 21
   Microforms 21
   Audiovisual Materials 21
   Interlibrary Loans 22
   Other Services 22
   Finding Basic Reference Works 22
   Dictionaries 23
   Abridged Dictionaries 23
   Unabridged Dictionaries 24
   Special Dictionaries 24
   Encyclopedias 27
   Biographical Reference Works 27
   American 28
   British 29
   International 29
   A Selected List of Who's Whos by Nation and Profession 30
   Almanacs and Yearbooks 31
   Atlases and Gazetteers 32
   Finding Books 32
   Classification Systems 32
   The Dewey Decimal System 33
   The Library of Congress System 34
   The Card Catalog 38
   Cross-Reference Cards 40
   The Alphabetic Arrangement of the Card Catalog 41
   The Computer Catalog 42
   Bibliographies and Book Catalogs 45
   Bibliographies 45
   Book Catalogs 46
   Chapters in Books 48
   Finding Sources in Computer Databases 49
   Finding Periodicals 53
   Serials List 53
   Indexes to Magazines and Journals 53
   Indexes to Newspapers 56
   Lists of Magazines, Journals, and Newspapers 56
   Finding Government Documents 58
   Finding Nonprint Materials 58
 
4. USING THE SOURCES 61 Establishing the
   Bibliography 61
   Preparing a Working Bibliography 62
   Standard Bibliographical Forms 64
   Reading Sources Critically 65
   Finding Relevant Sources 65
   Articles 66
   Books 66
   Finding Reliable Sources 68
   What Do You Know About the Author? 69
   What Is the Nature of the Source? 69
   Is the Source a Scholarly or Popular Treatment? 70
   Is the Source Up-to-Date? 71
   What Do Reviews Indicate About the Source? 71
   Taking Notes 74
   Photocopying 74
   Preparing Note Cards 75
   Preparing Notes on a Computer 77
   Types of Note Cards 78
   Quotation 78
   Summary 79
   Paraphrase 81
   A Few More Notes on Note Taking 82
 
5. USING THE NOTES 85
   Thinking Critically 85
   Organizing the Information 86
   The Preliminary Outline 86
   The Final Outline 90
   Presenting the Information 94
   When to Quote 94
   How to Quote 95
   Lengthy Quotations 95
   Brief Quotations 97
   Omissions from Quotations 100
   Additions to Quotations 103
   Poetry Quotations 104
   Punctuating Quotations 106
   Acknowledging Sources of Information 109
   Whe1n to Document 109
   Common Knowledge 112
 
6. WRITING THE DRAFTS 115
   Some Preliminary Considerations 116
   Planning Ahead 116
   Determining the Audience 116
   Adopting a Tone 117
   Using the Outline and Notes 118
   The First Draft 119
   The Introduction 120 The Body 123
   Unity, Coherence, and the Use of Transitions 123
   The Conclusion 124
   The Title 126
   Revising the Drafts 127
   Revision Checklist 128
   General Questions 128
   Paragraphs 128
   Sentences 129
   Words 129
   Preparing the Final Draft 129
   Typing 130
   Title Page 130
   Outline 130
   Page Numbering 131
   Margins and Spacing 131
   Tables and Illustrations 131
   Proofreading 132
   Handing in the Paper 134
   Writing with a Computer 134
   Saving Work 134
   Drafting 135
   Revising 135
 
7. WORKS CITED 137
   Purpose 137
   Format 138
   Placement 138
   Alphabetizing 139
   Sample Entries for Books 140
   A Book with One Author 140
   A Book with Two Authors 142
   A Book with Three Authors 142
   A Book with More Than Three Authors 142
   A Book with a Corporate Author 142
   A Book with an Anonymous Author 143
   A Book with a Pseudonymous Author 143
   A Work in More Than One Volume 143
   A Work in a Collection of Writings by the Same Author 144
   A Work in a Collection of Writings by Different Authors 144
   A Cross-Reference to a Work in a Collection 146
   Classic Works and the Bible 147
   Encyclopedias and Other Reference Works 147
   A Work in a Series 148
   Reprints 148
   An Edition of a Book 148
   An Editor of an Anthology or Collection 149
   An Editor of a Book by Another 149
   An Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword to a Book 149
   A Translated Book 150
   A Publisher's Imprint 150
   A Pamphlet 150
   A Government Publication 151
   A Legal Reference 151
   Sample Entries for Periodicals 151
   An Anonymous Entry 152
   A Signed Article 152
   A fournal with Continuous Pagination Beyond a Single Issue 152
   A fournal with Separate Pagination for Each Issue 153
   A Monthly Magazine 153
   A Weekly Magazine 153
   A Newspaper 154
   An Editorial 154
   A Letter to the Editor 155
   A Review 155
   A Published Interview 156
   A Quotation in the Article's Title 156
   Sample Entries for Other Sources 156
   An Unpublished Manuscript or Typescript 156
   A Lecture 157
   A F1ilm 157
   A Theatrical Performance 158
   A Musical Composition 158
   A Work of Art 158
   A Radio or Television Program 159
   A Recording 159
   An Unpublished Personal Letter 160
   A Personally Conducted Interview 160
   An Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation 160
   CD-ROM 161
   Computer Database 161
   Computer Software 161
   Abbreviated Forms of Publishers' Names 162
   Guidelines 162
   Samples 163
 
8. REFERENCES 166
   Purpose and Style 166
   Where to Place Parenthetical References 167
   Sample Parenthetical References 168
   An Entire Work 168
   An Article or a Book Published in a Single Volume 169
   A Work by One Author 170
   A Work by Two Authors 170
   A Work by Three Authors 170
   A Work by More Than Three Authors 171
   A Work by a Corporate Author or a Government Document 171
   Two or More Works by the Same Author 172
   A Work Listed by Title 172
   A Multivolume Work 173
   An Indirect Source 174
   Literary Works 174
   More Than One Work in a Single Parenthetical Reference 175
   One-Page Articles, Works Arranged Alphabetically, and Nonprint
   Sources 176
   Writing Notes with Parenthetical Documentation 176
   Text 176
   Note 177
   Content Notes 177
   Explanation 177
   Qualification 178
   Indirect Source 178
   Bibliographical Notes 178
   Reference 178
   More Than One Source 178
   The MLA Method of Documentation in the Humanities (Endnotes and
   Footnotes) 179
   How to Write Notes 179
   Endnotes 179
   Footnotes 180
   Numbering 180
   Notes Compared with Entries in the List of Works Cited 182
   Works Cited Entry 182
   Note Entry 182
   Sample Notes for Books 182
   A Book with One Author 183
   A Book with Two Authors 183
   A Book with Three Authors 183
   A Book with More Than Three Authors 183
   A Book with a Corporate Author 183
   A Book with an Anonymous Author 184
   A Book with a Pseudonymous Author 184
   A Work in More Than One Volume 184
   A Work in a Collection of Writings by the Same Author 185
   A Work in a Collection of Writings by Different Authors 185
   Classic Works and the Bible 186
   Encyclopedias and Other Reference Works 187
   A Work in a Series 187
   Reprints 187
   An Edition of a Book 187
   An Editor of an Anthology or Collection 187
   An Editor of a Book by Another 188
   An Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword to a Book 188
   A Translated Book 188
   A Publisher's Imprint 189
   A Pamphlet 189
   A Government Publication 189
   A Legal Reference 189
   Sample Notes for Periodicals 189
   An Anonymous Entry 189
   A Signed Article 189
   A fournal with Continuous Pagination Beyond a Single Issue 190
   A fournal with Separate Pagination for Each Issue 190
   A Monthly Magazine 190
   A Weekly Magazine 190
   A Newspaper 190
   An Editorial 191
   A Letter to the Editor 191
   A Review 191
   A Published Interview 191
   A Quotation in the Article's Title 192
   Sample Notes for Other Sources 192
   An Unpublished Manuscript or Typescript 192
   A Lecture 192
   A Film 192
   A Theatrical Performance 193
   A Musical Composition 193
   A Work of Art 193
   A Radio or Television Program 194
   A Recording 194
   An Unpublished Personal Letter 194
   A Personally Conducted Interview 195
   An Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation 195
   CD-ROM 195
   Computer Database 195
   Computer Software 195
   Subsequent References 196
   Latin Abbreviations 197
   Internal Documentation 198
   Documentation in the Sciences 200
   Documentation in the Social Sciences,APA Style 201
   Author-Date Method 202
   A Work by a Single Author 202
   A Work by Two Authors 202
   A Work with More Than Two Authors (But Fewer Than Six) 203
   A Work by Six or More Authors 203
   Corporate Author 203
   A Work with No Author 204
   A Work Signed by "Anonymous" 204
   Authors with the Same Surname 204
   Two or More Works Within the Same Parentheses 204
   A Part of a Work 205 Personal Communications 205
   A Legal Reference 205
   Reference Lists 206
   Book Entry 206
   Article Entry 207
   Sample Research Paper 211
   Abbreviations for Reference Words 225
 
9. SAMPLE RESEARCH PAPER 229
 
10. SPECIALIZED REFERENCE SOURCES 255
    Using the Lists 255
    Architecture 257
	Art 258
	Business 260
	Ecology 263
	Economics 265
	Education 266
	Film 268
	History 269
	Literature 273
	Music 279
	Philosophy 280
	Political Science 282
	Psychology 284
	Religion 286
	Science 288
	Sociology 291
	Theater 292
	Women's Studies 294
	Index 297