TITLE : FEEDBACK AND ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT: USING DATA-BASED METHODS.

Part 1 Information as an Organizational Change Tool..........1
 
1 Information and Organizational Change......................3
 
A starting point and some definitions........................5
Working assumptions..........................................8
The nature of data in organizations..........................12
The uses of data in the change process.......................16
Summary..................................................... 21
 
2 Case Examples of Data-Based Methods........................23
Winfield School District.....................................24
Northeastern Hospital........................................29
People's National Bank.......................................34
The design phase.............................................35
Implementation phase.........................................38
 
3 The Data-Colleetion/Feedback Cyele.........................41
A model of the data-collection/feedback cycle................42
How the data-collection/feedback cycle actually occurs.......48
Major implementation concerns................................51
 
Part 2 The Theory of Information and Behavior Change.........55
 
4 How Information Changes Behavior...........................57
Basic concepts...............................................58
How the collection of data influences behavior...............59
Measurement generates energy.................................59
How much energy is generated? ...............................61
Where is energy directed? ...................................62
What determines the direction of energy?.....................64
A model of collection effects................................65
How data feedback influences behavior........................67
What is feedback?............................................67
How feedback changes behavior................................70
Factors influencing the direction of behavior change.........79
Implications for practice....................................80
 
Part 3 How to use Data for Organization Development..........83
 
5 Planning to use Data for Change............................85
Why is early preparation important?..........................86
Issues in planning...........................................87
Relationship building and contracting........................88
Elements of a contract.......................................89
Planning what data to collect................................94
Planning how to use data.....................................99
Planning evaluation ........................................101
 
6 The Process of Collecting Data............................104
Goals of data collection....................................105
Valid information...........................................105
Creation and direction of energy............................105
Relationship building.......................................106
The process of collecting data..............................108
Building a data-coilection contract.........................109
Summary ....................................................117
 
7 Techniques for Data Collection and Analysis...............118
Interviews .................................................120
Type of interviews..........................................120
Advantages and disadvantages of interviews..................122
Using interviews............................................124
Questionnaires .............................................125
Types of questionnaires.....................................126
Advantages and problems of using questionnaires.............128
Using questionnaires........................................129
Observations ...............................................132
Types of observation........................................133
Advantages and problems of observation......................134
Using observations..........................................136
Secondary data and unobtrusive measures.....................136
Types of secondary data and unobtrusive measures............137
Advantages and problems with secondary data
and unobtrusive measures....................................138
Issues in using secondary data and unobtrusive measures. . .139
Choosing data-collection methods............................140
Analyzing data after collection.............................141
Basic tools.................................................143
 
8 Feeding Back Data........................................ 144
Criteria for effective feedback.............................145
Presenting data.............................................148
Presenting quantitative data................................149
Written feedback reports....................................150
The feedback meeting........................................151
Process issues in feedback meetings.........................152
What usually happens in a feedback meeting..................154
What's necessary to make a meeting work well................156
Systematic approaches to feedback and feedback meetings.....158
Family group survey feedback................................158
Survey guided development...................................160
Subordinate group feedback..................................161
Peer group-intergroup feedback..............................161
Intergroup feedoack.........................................162
Collateral problem solving groups...........................162
Ad hoc collateral groups....................................163
Ongoing feedback............................................164
Summary ....................................................164
Choosing feedback designs...................................164
 
Part 4 Conclusion...........................................167
 
9 Perspectives and New Direction............................169
What do we know about using data for change? ...............169
Feedback does have some positive effects....................170
How feedback is used is an important factor.................170
Feedback seems most effective when combined
with other interventions....................................171
There is no one best feedback design........................171
New directions..............................................172
Summary ....................................................173
 
Appendixes..................................................175
 
Appendix A Some Elementary Techniques for Data Analysis.....177
Techniques .................................................178
Sources of technical expertise .............................183
The consultant..............................................183
Another external resource...................................183
Internal resources..........................................184
Prepackaged analysis........................................184
Summary ....................................................184
 
Appendix B Samples'of Instruments...........................186
General orientation interview...............................187
Questionnaire ..............................................192.
Group effectiveness survey..................................194
Computer feedback from group effectiveness survey...........198
 
Bibliography................................................199